![]() He would then proceed to those topics that are generally associated with rhetoric presently-the development of the style and delivery of the arguments. An orator would refine his arguments and their organization until they were arranged properly. The very process of organizing arguments might result in the need to discover and research new ones. The defense attorney in the same case might use a different method for his summation.įinally, dispositio was also considered an iterative process, particularly in conjunction with inventio. For instance, a prosecutor might summarize his case with forceful repetition of his main tenets using a technique known as accumulatio. Within each major part, there were additional tactics that might be employed. ![]() Cicero and Quintilian, for example, encouraged writers to rearrange the structure when it strengthened their case: for instance, if the opposing arguments were known to be powerful, it might be better to state the refutation before the proof. While this structure might appear to be very rigid (and certainly some writers on the subject were overly pedantic), it was in practice subject to modification. Cicero taught that a rhetor can do three things in this part: summarize his arguments, try to discredit anyone who disagrees with him, and arouse sympathy for himself, his clients, or his case. If the rhetor anticipates that certain people in his audience may disagree with his speech, he must be prepared to refute the argument that could possibly be presented in opposition to his original speech. the refutation of possible opposing arguments, or confutatio.It confirms or validates the material given in the narratio and partitio. the proof of the case, or confirmatio.It has two functions: to name the issues in dispute and to list the arguments to be used in the order they will appear. a listing of the major tenets of the argument, or divisio (sometimes known as partitio).Quintilian explained that in the narratio "we shall for instance represent a person accused of theft as covetous, accused of adultery as lustful, accused of homicide as rash, or attribute the opposite qualities to these persons if we are defending them further we must do the same with place, time and the like". the statement of the case, or narratio. ![]() In the exordium, the speaker gives their main argument, and all relevant information. Later writers on rhetoric, such as Cicero and Quintilian, refined this organizational scheme, so that there were eventually six parts: ![]() Aristotle allowed that in practice most discourse also requires an introduction and a conclusion. For example, in a legal argument, a prosecutor must first declare the charges against the defendant and provide the relevant facts then he must present the evidence that proves guilt. The next problem was to select various arguments and organize them into an effective discourse.Īristotle defined two essential parts of a discourse: the statement of the case and the proof of the case. The first part of any rhetorical exercise was to discover the proper arguments to use, which was done by the formalized methods of inventio. It is the second of five canons of classical rhetoric (the first being inventio, and the remaining being elocutio, memoria, and pronuntiatio) that concern the crafting and delivery of speeches and writing. The word is Latin, and can be translated as "organization" or "arrangement". Or: There may be seventy kazillion other worlds, but not one is known to have the moral advancement of the Earth, so we’re still central to the Universe.) This impatience with ambiguity can be criticized in the phrase: absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.Dispositio is the system used for the organization of arguments in the context of Western classical rhetoric. (e.g., There is no compelling evidence that UFOs are not visiting the Earth therefore, UFOs exist, and there is intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe. The claim that whatever has not been proven false must be true, and vice versa. One good example was given by Carl Sagan, a famous American astronomer, in his book The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark:
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